Emperor Constantine

Let us examine them one by one. Transfiguration Church Potemkin ordered him to design "in imitation of the holy Paul, that outside of Rome," the fourth in importance and the oldest surviving Christian churches, built in 323 by Emperor Constantine. But – Ekaterynoslavsky temple had to be on "arshinchik" long. May 9, 1787 Catherine II and Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of the German nation in his own hand laid the foundation first two pebble. When the motorcade left the area, began laying the foundation. Its cost has cost the treasury 71 102 rubles. More information is housed here: Cancer Research Institute. Were dug deep ditches, put the wild stone with lime filling.

Started building the walls. Potemkin for his church chose the type of the basilica with three naves, inherent in the Byzantine tradition (in Russian Orthodoxy, we used cross-domed style with five aisles). Construction was interrupted by the sudden death of Potemkin, which occurred October 5, 1791 on the road from Yass (he's a cold and is rumored to have been poisoned). Only in 1830-1835, under Nicholas the First, the cathedral was built at last, but strongly reduced form. Potemkin palace first stone construction of the new town was built, too type basilica. It Serene never lived (and even so not once visited), but settled in its capital. For what purpose – It is not clear, since all that is within one-storey, elongated building was a one long hallway. Maxim Kavun: – The value of the Palace, we realize if we take into the hands of second master plan of the city, which is stored in Moscow archives.

Economic Sciences

At first glance, many may seem strange and illogical that the Cossacks, instead of the primary, as mentioned above, we are told analysts and pundits from Economic Sciences, targets for improvement in its fortunes begin to rebuild the temple in a dying village. But, it's simple, it has a strange and illogical for him centuries-old experience of their ancestors. Are constantly being in its essence and nature of the people of war, threatened with death and have proven time and experience of many battles and a clear understanding of what actually is primary and that the "minor matters" at least then x and necessary. Under most conditions BSA would agree. The Cossacks have a clear and indisputable axiom as saying, "Without God, not to the threshold." All historians note the fact that the Cossacks, regardless of their military supplies to create their own villages and mills or transfer sechi like Cossacks First, put the temple, well, then really everything else, including the defensive wall. In the Kuban Cossacks, following the traditions of their ancestors Cossacks, all temples were dismantled, if necessary, koi were analyzed and then installed at the new location.

What, in this historical fact can tell the skeptics and atheists, we know. To deepen your understanding Boy Scouts of America is the source. But despite their skepticism and arguments, we also know that the Cossacks, based at the new location instead of putting walls temples creating new settlements, while Oderzhivaya victory over the enemy. Settlement subsequently filled with large families. Despite the constant state of potential war, the Cossack families and clans themselves were growing stronger by strengthening and pushing the boundaries thus our state.

Bernes Comedy

Dreamy and romantic young man imagines himself a knight cloak and sword, for him the war is not serious. Yes, it is, then, shells exploding, there officers and soldiers – but all this is somehow close. Nearby, but not realistic. Eugene continues head in the clouds, occasionally returning to reality. And in one of these returns, he meets Genia Zemlyanikinu, signaller shelf "Katyusha". That's really who is on the ground with both feet and has no illusions about this state of affairs! Good, but raw, Genia, at first rather awkward laugh Eugene, desperately trying to hide their feelings. But gradually, she and hardened in the war, begins to thaw – so great charm cute intellectual Kolyshkin, brilliantly played by Oleg Dal.

Under this fascination of purity, innocence and openness of fall, perhaps anyone who speaks with a young soldier, his comrades to the Germans, to whom bungler Kolyshkin wanders into the New Year in search of your favorite candy for the girl of his dreams. Generally the film plenty of humorous scenes – you do remember, this is opportunistic in the project, the military comedy. I do not know what can be explained by the fact that any, even the most klishirovannye moves (drop accidentally hurt a bucket of water, dressing up in women's clothes and other) look in this film is not just appropriate, but as something very soft and even touching. This kind of magic, nothing else! Nevertheless, despite an abundance of fun little things ("The Artist Bernes looks like!" – said the war veterans of Colonel, who was himself Bernes and plays), and frankly ridiculous episode, called the movie a comedy would be wrong.

Western Europe

The new English coat of arms was a place both warring colors. But breeders have successfully brought the damask roses form Versicolor – a colorful variety, sometimes called York and Lancaster, in which the one branch has white, pink and mixed pink and white double flowers. Thus, in England reigned heraldic and real conciliation between the parties. In France, Louis VII was the emblem flower of iris, and in times of Louis XIV became the queen of a heraldic lily: to turn even money were made in the form of gold and silver lilies. France for a long time the country was called Lily, and the king – the king of lilies. Prior to 1328 represented the emblem of the lily French Capetian dynasty. The vacant post of King of France claimed the King Edward III of England dynasty of Lancaster. The French rejected the feudal lords and Edward was elected to the vacant throne, Prince Philip VI Valois.

Englishman offended radically changed its English coat of arms, putting back the French lilies. The symbolism of coats of arms in those days was so great importance and influence, that even had special Position Herald and geraldmeysterov, to monitor compliance of signs and symbols on the arms and emblems. Even a very influential and wealthy nobles could not change them yourself. As a result, violent (self) of an Englishman known in the history loosened the Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453 years). And if not for Joan of Arc led the war against the invaders and forced in the end to remove the French lilies with the English coat of arms uncontrolled Englishman could plunge France. Thistle (thistle) is a component of the Scots and the emblem symbolizes the strength, tenacity, resilience. In Scotland, there is an old legend, tells the story of confrontation between local people to foreigners, who arrived with the intention to conquer the coast.

Enemies of the night surrounded the camp of the Scottish soldiers, but one of the opponents ran in the dark on a thistle. Cry of surprise and pain, he immediately alarmed the Scots, who have strongly resisted and defeated the enemy. The emblem of Scotland showing off the form of milk thistle, milk thistle, or the Virgin, which found only in Western Europe. The coat of arms of Canada – the country's maple leaf – there is a Scottish thistle, the Welsh daffodil, rose and English – so the composition was established and the Canadian State. Rose is also the national flower of the United States and Iran. Scarlet roses – unofficial emblem of Bulgaria, tea rose yellow – the emblem of the Chinese capital Beijing. In Japan, at the end of VIII century BC chrysanthemum became the national emblem of the state. Image 16 – the golden imperial chrysanthemum petal is the foundation of the national emblem and the country's highest award – the Order of Chrysanthemum. The ancient images in heraldry are the flowers of chrysanthemums, roses, lilies, lotus, burdock, carnation, daffodil, bell, daisies, buttercups, poppies, tulips, lily of the valley and edelweiss. In heraldry the more modern and young countries of tropical orchids image appeared, "Victoria regii" – giant water lily, which is part of the state flag of Guyana. Mallow coat of arms adorns Nepal. Petal – amateur floriculture

Moscow University

Alexander Herzen (1812-1870) was born in Moscow. The son of a wealthy landowner, IA Yakovlev, and a native of Stuttgart (Germany), Louise Hague, he wore a name invented by my father (from the German Herz – heart). Huge impact on the young Herzen had the Decembrist uprising. In 1827, he along with his friend Nikolai Ogarev on the Sparrow Hills in Moscow has vowed to give lifelong struggle for the liberation of the people. In 1829-1833 he studied in physics and mathematics department of Moscow University. Around Herzen and Ogarev has developed a revolutionary circle of students. In July 1834 the members of this society were arrested in April 1835 Herzen as "bold volnolyubets, very dangerous for society" has been banished to Perm then to Vyatka under police surveillance.

At the end of 1837 was transferred to Vladimir. Returned from exile in 1840, but was soon exiled again, this time in Novgorod, for "spreading unfounded rumors" about the police. In the 1830s and after return from exile in 1842, Herzen wrote a number of important philosophical works and works of art. Antiserfdom pathos imbued his novel "The Thieving Magpie" and "Doctor Krupov." "Who is guilty?" (1841-1846) – one of the the first Russian social-psychological novels – was highly appreciated by VG Belinsky. Staunch opponent of autocracy and serfdom, Herzen, to better deal with it, he left in 1847 over the border, became a political immigrant. The great merit of Herzen – the organization of the free Russian press abroad. He let out revolutionary leaflets, brochures, and since 1855 published the anthology "Polar Star" and in 1857 together with Ogarev – the newspaper "The Bell". Herzen has created a remarkable work of My Past and Thoughts (1852-1868).

This memoir is not only a civil confession of the writer, but also artistic chronicle of social life and the revolutionary struggle in Russia and in Western Europe pa For four decades, from the Decembrists' uprising until the eve of the Paris Commune. The pamphlet "On the development of revolutionary ideas in Russia" (1851) Herzen first tied the great achievements of Russian literature of the XIX century with the growth libertarian ideas. The relations of literature with popular aspirations determined, according to Herzen, the consistent approval of pension realism. The article "Once again, Bazarov," published in the anthology "Polar Star" for 1869, included analysis of the positions of MA Antonovich and DI Pisarev, who gave a different interpretation of Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. In connection with the image of Herzen Bazarov raised the question of the role of different generations in the Russian liberation movement. Defending the generation of noble revolutionaries Herzen considers himself among their followers, and in revolutionary plebeian followers saw the common struggle for liberation. Recognizing the individual differences of its people generation of revolutionary youth raznochinskoy Herzen stressed the need to unite all patriots and democrats for a decisive struggle against dictatorship.